{ "schemaVersion": "1.1.0", "metadata": { "title": "China and global benchmark electricity-only AI compute cost curves", "observationCutoff": "2025-12-31", "researchPublicationCutoff": "2026-08-24", "verificationDate": "2026-09-03", "currencyBase": "USD", "notes": "The observation cutoff governs displayed values. The research publication cutoff is a provenance freeze and does not change an observation's date." }, "capacityStandard": { "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "label": "Commissioned design IT power", "unit": "MW", "definition": "Non-redundant IT or critical-load power that commissioned data-center space is designed to support, excluding cooling and other facility overhead.", "chinaBoundary": "Design rack capacity in commissioned computing centers, converted at 2.5 kW per standard rack.", "globalBoundary": "Operational or commissioned maximum rated IT power. The US register uses JLL year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned capacity across ten leading markets; Great Britain covers official regional colocation estimates; India covers seven primary live-IT markets.", "coverageCaveat": "Capacity coverage and price coverage are reported separately. The 62 GW global denominator is indicative because its published boundary is not documented at the same regional detail as the register." }, "assumptions": { "standardRackKw": 2.5, "hoursPerMonth": 730, "tariffLoadFactor": 0.9, "commonPue": 1.2, "gb200RackPowerKw": 120, "gb200DenseBf16Pflops": 180, "chinaEfficiencyPenalty": 2.5, "fxCurrencyPerUsd": { "CNY": 7.1875, "CAD": 1.3973, "GBP": 0.7580351728, "USD": 1 } }, "treemap": { "geometryFile": "data/caict-treemap-geometry.csv", "sourceId": "caict_treemap_2025", "observationDate": "2025-03-31", "nationalStandardRacks": 10430000, "nationalTotalSourceId": "scio_racks_2025_03", "outerBoundsPx": {"x0": 211, "y0": 1068, "x1": 1112, "y1": 1602}, "pdfPage": 22, "reportPage": 16, "renderDpi": 160, "sourcePdfSha256": "e625018fee5d02b1a5475c6190865359e4eb13b9a101cfd9222cc44a58736f7e", "renderedPageSha256": "21b20e6f644727c195212ad63586b3f1866d244d0466867519cf0e9de87a248c", "measurementMethod": "Rectangle edges were recorded in pixels from a 160 dpi render. Capacity equals rectangle area divided by the complete treemap area, multiplied by 10.43 million standard racks and 2.5 kW per rack. The 31 rectangles exactly tile the recorded outer bounds.", "publishedTopTenOrder": ["Hebei", "Guangdong", "Jiangsu", "Guizhou", "Inner Mongolia", "Shanghai", "Zhejiang", "Beijing", "Shanxi", "Shandong"] }, "capacityRecords": [ { "id": "hohhot_design_2023", "location": "Hohhot / Helinger documented subset", "region": "Inner Mongolia", "regionType": "province", "country": "China", "iso3": "CHN", "recordType": "cluster_aggregate", "coverageRole": "subset_not_additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "formula": {"type": "rack_count", "dataCenters": 11, "racksPerCenter": 16091, "standardRackKw": 2.5}, "observationDate": "2023-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["hohhot_capacity_2023"], "harmonizationGrade": "A-derived", "note": "Design capacity is 442.5 MW. It is a documented subset of Inner Mongolia and is not added to the all-province register total." }, { "id": "montreal_cbre_2025", "location": "Montreal market", "region": "Quebec", "regionType": "province", "country": "Canada", "iso3": "CAN", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 229.5, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "half-year", "sourceIds": ["cbre_inventory_h2_2025", "cbre_capacity_glossary"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Quebec regional lower bound from commissioned Montreal wholesale inventory; it is not a complete Quebec total." }, { "id": "dallas_cbre_2025", "location": "Dallas–Fort Worth market", "region": "Texas", "regionType": "state", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "subset_not_additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1067.3, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "half-year", "sourceIds": ["cbre_inventory_h2_2025", "cbre_capacity_glossary"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "CBRE wholesale-colocation subset retained for source comparison. It sits inside the broader JLL Dallas–Fort Worth market record and is not added to the register total." }, { "id": "virginia_cbre_2025", "location": "Northern Virginia market", "region": "Virginia", "regionType": "state", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "subset_not_additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 4039.6, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "half-year", "sourceIds": ["cbre_inventory_h2_2025", "cbre_capacity_glossary"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "CBRE wholesale-colocation subset retained for source comparison. It sits inside the broader JLL Virginia record and is not added to the register total." }, {"id": "us_virginia_jll_2025", "location": "Virginia", "region": "Virginia", "regionType": "state", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 8315, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity. Dominion's JLL-sourced table states that this includes Northern Virginia (6,315 MW) and Southern Virginia (2,000 MW)."}, {"id": "us_pacific_northwest_jll_2025", "location": "Pacific Northwest", "region": "Pacific Northwest", "regionType": "multi_state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 4120, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity. The published market crosses state boundaries, so no single-state electricity-price proxy is assigned."}, {"id": "us_columbus_jll_2025", "location": "Columbus", "region": "Ohio", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 3541, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Columbus market."}, {"id": "us_dallas_jll_2025", "location": "Dallas–Fort Worth", "region": "Texas", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 2423, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Dallas–Fort Worth market."}, {"id": "us_atlanta_jll_2025", "location": "Atlanta", "region": "Georgia", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 2070, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Atlanta market."}, {"id": "us_austin_san_antonio_jll_2025", "location": "Austin–San Antonio", "region": "Texas", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1700, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Austin–San Antonio market."}, {"id": "us_phoenix_jll_2025", "location": "Phoenix", "region": "Arizona", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1653, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Phoenix market."}, {"id": "us_omaha_jll_2025", "location": "Omaha", "region": "Nebraska–Iowa", "regionType": "multi_state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1378, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity. The published Omaha market crosses Nebraska and Iowa, so no single-state electricity-price proxy is assigned."}, {"id": "us_chicago_jll_2025", "location": "Chicago", "region": "Illinois", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1223, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Chicago market."}, {"id": "us_northern_indiana_jll_2025", "location": "Northern Indiana", "region": "Indiana", "regionType": "state_market", "country": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1162, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "sourceIds": ["jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "dominion_jll_markets_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "B", "note": "Year-end 2025 leased plus hyperscaler-owned existing capacity in the Northern Indiana market."}, {"id": "gb_north_east_2024", "location": "North East", "region": "North East", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 17, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_north_west_2024", "location": "North West", "region": "North West", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 52, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_yorkshire_humber_2024", "location": "Yorkshire and the Humber", "region": "Yorkshire and the Humber", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 16, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_east_midlands_2024", "location": "East Midlands", "region": "East Midlands", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 9, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_west_midlands_2024", "location": "West Midlands", "region": "West Midlands", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 15, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_east_2024", "location": "East of England", "region": "East of England", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 44, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_london_2024", "location": "London", "region": "London", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 1048, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_south_east_2024", "location": "South East", "region": "South East", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 128, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_south_west_2024", "location": "South West", "region": "South West", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 53, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_wales_2024", "location": "Wales", "region": "Wales", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 154, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "gb_scotland_2024", "location": "Scotland", "region": "Scotland", "regionType": "ITL1", "country": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "recordType": "regional_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 30, "observationDate": "2024-10-01", "datePrecision": "season", "sourceIds": ["uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Official maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres; enterprise facilities are excluded."}, {"id": "india_ncr_2025", "location": "Delhi NCR", "region": "Delhi NCR", "regionType": "cross_state_market", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 174.5, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease across the Delhi NCR market."}, {"id": "india_mumbai_2025", "location": "Mumbai", "region": "Maharashtra", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 766.6, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Mumbai."}, {"id": "india_pune_2025", "location": "Pune", "region": "Maharashtra", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 145.3, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Pune."}, {"id": "india_hyderabad_2025", "location": "Hyderabad", "region": "Telangana", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 151.4, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Hyderabad."}, {"id": "india_bengaluru_2025", "location": "Bengaluru", "region": "Karnataka", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 169.5, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Bengaluru."}, {"id": "india_chennai_2025", "location": "Chennai", "region": "Tamil Nadu", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 191.5, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Chennai."}, {"id": "india_kolkata_2025", "location": "Kolkata", "region": "West Bengal", "regionType": "state", "country": "India", "iso3": "IND", "recordType": "market_aggregate", "coverageRole": "additive", "status": "operational", "metricId": "commissioned_design_it_power_mw", "valueMw": 23.1, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["knight_frank_india_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "A", "note": "Live built IT capacity available to lease in Kolkata."}, { "id": "guian_powered_on_2025", "location": "Gui'an powered-on racks", "region": "Guizhou", "regionType": "province", "country": "China", "iso3": "CHN", "recordType": "cluster_aggregate", "coverageRole": "excluded", "status": "operational", "metricId": "occupied_it_power_mw", "formula": {"type": "rack_count", "standardRacks": 137400, "standardRackKw": 2.5}, "observationDate": "2025-02-28", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["guian_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "excluded-boundary-mismatch", "note": "Powered-on racks are not the harmonized commissioned design-capacity metric." }, { "id": "saudi_operational_2025", "location": "Saudi Arabia", "region": "Saudi Arabia", "regionType": "country", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "iso3": "SAU", "recordType": "country_aggregate", "coverageRole": "excluded", "status": "operational", "metricId": "operational_capacity_unspecified_mw", "valueMw": 440, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["saudi_capacity_2025"], "harmonizationGrade": "excluded-boundary-unclear", "note": "The public claim does not establish the same critical IT-power boundary." } ], "priceRecords": [ { "id": "hohhot_reported_2025", "location": "Hohhot / Helinger", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "reported_delivered_price", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "CNY", "valuePerKwh": 0.35}, "effectiveDate": "2025-07-18", "datePrecision": "day", "sourceIds": ["hohhot_price_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Reported delivered green-power transaction price, described as stable at approximately CNY 0.35/kWh." }, { "id": "mongxi_tariff_2025_06", "location": "Inner Mongolia", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.442525, "demandPerKwMonth": 31.2}, "effectiveDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["mongxi_tariff_2025_06"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "110 kV two-part, non-time-of-use energy price plus maximum-demand charge at the common 90% load factor." }, { "id": "zhejiang_tariff_2025_06", "location": "Zhejiang", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.5672, "demandPerKwMonth": 41.6}, "effectiveDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["zhejiang_tariff_2025_06"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "guizhou_tariff_2025_06", "location": "Guizhou", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.583744, "demandPerKwMonth": 31}, "effectiveDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["guizhou_tariff_2025_06"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "hebei_tariff_2025_04", "location": "Hebei", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.58196875, "demandPerKwMonth": 34.6}, "effectiveDate": "2025-04-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["jibei_tariff_2025_04"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Jibei is used as the transparent provincial proxy; it is not a province-wide contract price." }, { "id": "jiangsu_tariff_2025_06", "location": "Jiangsu", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.5999, "demandPerKwMonth": 44.8}, "effectiveDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["jiangsu_tariff_2025_06"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "beijing_tariff_2025_04", "location": "Beijing", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.61971175, "demandPerKwMonth": 48}, "effectiveDate": "2025-04-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["beijing_tariff_2025_04"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "guangdong_tariff_2025_04", "location": "Guangdong", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.66996875, "demandPerKwMonth": 31}, "effectiveDate": "2025-04-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["guangdong_tariff_2025_04"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Pearl River Delta 35–110 kV two-part tariff applied uniformly as a conservative public proxy; the earlier unsupported 169 MW regional weighting has been removed." }, { "id": "shandong_tariff_2025_03", "location": "Shandong", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.67486875, "demandPerKwMonth": 35.2}, "effectiveDate": "2025-03-31", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["shandong_tariff_2025_03"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "montreal_rate_lg_2025", "location": "Montreal, Quebec", "country": "Canada", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_net_demand", "currency": "CAD", "energyPerKwh": 0.04165, "demandPerKwMonth": 15.963, "demandCreditPerKwMonth": 3.0063}, "effectiveDate": "2025-04-01", "datePrecision": "day", "sourceIds": ["hydroquebec_rate_lg_2025", "hydroquebec_datacenter_classes_2026"], "eligibility": "included" }, { "id": "texas_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Dallas–Fort Worth", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.0655}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Texas industrial-sector average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "virginia_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Virginia", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.0945}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Virginia industrial-sector average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "ohio_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Ohio", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.0852}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Ohio industrial-sector annual average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "georgia_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Georgia", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.0781}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Georgia industrial-sector annual average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "arizona_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Arizona", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.081}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Arizona industrial-sector annual average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "illinois_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Illinois", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.1014}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Illinois industrial-sector annual average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "indiana_industrial_average_2025", "location": "Indiana", "country": "United States", "evidenceClass": "reported_regional_average", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.0889}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["eia_industrial_prices_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Indiana industrial-sector annual average; not a disclosed data-center contract." }, { "id": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025", "location": "Great Britain", "country": "United Kingdom", "evidenceClass": "reported_national_average_proxy", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "GBP", "valuePerKwh": 0.243}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["uk_desnz_nondomestic_price_2025"], "eligibility": "included", "note": "Provisional 2025 UK non-domestic average across all consumption bands, including the Climate Change Levy. It is a conservative comparison proxy, not a data-center contract." }, { "id": "guian_target_2025", "location": "Gui'an", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "policy_target", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "CNY", "valuePerKwh": 0.35}, "effectiveDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year", "sourceIds": ["guian_price_target_2025"], "eligibility": "excluded-target" }, { "id": "shanxi_tariff_2026_04", "location": "Shanxi", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "constructed_public_tariff_proxy", "formula": {"type": "energy_plus_demand", "currency": "CNY", "energyPerKwh": 0.53251075, "demandPerKwMonth": 33.6}, "effectiveDate": "2026-04-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["shanxi_tariff_2026_04"], "eligibility": "excluded-post-cutoff" }, { "id": "shanghai_claimed_2025", "location": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "evidenceClass": "unverified_proxy", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "CNY", "valuePerKwh": 0.7484}, "effectiveDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "sourceIds": ["shanghai_source_mismatch"], "eligibility": "excluded-unverified" }, { "id": "saudi_cloud_tariff", "location": "Saudi Arabia", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "evidenceClass": "regulated_tariff_unknown_date", "formula": {"type": "direct", "currency": "USD", "valuePerKwh": 0.048}, "effectiveDate": null, "datePrecision": "unknown", "sourceIds": ["saudi_tariff"], "eligibility": "excluded-date-unknown" } ], "technologyScenarios": [ { "id": "same_technology", "title": "Same technology everywhere", "chinaTechnology": "NVIDIA GB200 NVL72", "globalTechnology": "NVIDIA GB200 NVL72", "chinaEfficiencyMultiplier": 1, "globalEfficiencyMultiplier": 1, "sourceIds": ["nvidia_gb200_spec", "nvidia_gb200_power"] }, { "id": "export_constrained", "title": "Export-control-constrained technology", "chinaTechnology": "Huawei CloudMatrix384", "globalTechnology": "NVIDIA GB200 NVL72", "chinaEfficiencyMultiplier": 2.5, "globalEfficiencyMultiplier": 1, "sourceIds": ["nvidia_gb200_spec", "nvidia_gb200_power", "huawei_cloudmatrix_performance", "semianalysis_cloudmatrix_power", "bis_china_policy_2026"] } ], "evidenceScenarios": [ { "id": "data_center_tariff_evidence", "title": "Strict data-center-specific subset", "subtitle": "Delivered data-center price or demonstrably applicable large-load tariff", "note": "Audit-only subset using Hohhot's reported delivered green-power price and Hydro-Québec Rate LG. It remains in the coverage table but is folded into the combined price-evidence category for the public cost curves.", "blocks": [ {"id": "hohhot", "location": "Inner Mongolia — Hohhot/Helinger subset", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "hohhot_design_2023", "priceRef": "hohhot_reported_2025"}, {"id": "quebec", "location": "Quebec — Montreal market subtotal", "country": "Canada", "capacityRef": "montreal_cbre_2025", "priceRef": "montreal_rate_lg_2025"} ] }, { "id": "comparable_proxy", "title": "Observed prices or applicable tariffs", "subtitle": "One combined category, with the evidence type retained on every block", "note": "Combines applicable public large-load tariffs and official 2025 industrial averages. US blocks use EIA state industrial averages rather than disclosed data-center contracts; Pacific Northwest and Omaha remain registered but unpriced because their market boundaries cross states. Hohhot's delivered-price observation remains in the strict audit subset because its capacity is nested inside the Inner Mongolia provincial width and cannot be added without double counting.", "blocks": [ {"id": "inner_mongolia", "location": "Inner Mongolia", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Inner Mongolia", "priceRef": "mongxi_tariff_2025_06"}, {"id": "zhejiang", "location": "Zhejiang", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Zhejiang", "priceRef": "zhejiang_tariff_2025_06"}, {"id": "guizhou", "location": "Guizhou", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Guizhou", "priceRef": "guizhou_tariff_2025_06"}, {"id": "hebei", "location": "Hebei", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Hebei", "priceRef": "hebei_tariff_2025_04"}, {"id": "jiangsu", "location": "Jiangsu", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Jiangsu", "priceRef": "jiangsu_tariff_2025_06"}, {"id": "beijing", "location": "Beijing", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Beijing", "priceRef": "beijing_tariff_2025_04"}, {"id": "guangdong", "location": "Guangdong", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Guangdong", "priceRef": "guangdong_tariff_2025_04"}, {"id": "shandong", "location": "Shandong", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Shandong", "priceRef": "shandong_tariff_2025_03"}, {"id": "quebec", "location": "Quebec — Montreal market subtotal", "country": "Canada", "capacityRef": "montreal_cbre_2025", "priceRef": "montreal_rate_lg_2025"}, {"id": "us_virginia", "location": "Virginia", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_virginia_jll_2025", "priceRef": "virginia_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_columbus", "location": "Ohio — Columbus", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_columbus_jll_2025", "priceRef": "ohio_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_dallas", "location": "Texas — Dallas–Fort Worth", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_dallas_jll_2025", "priceRef": "texas_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_atlanta", "location": "Georgia — Atlanta", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_atlanta_jll_2025", "priceRef": "georgia_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_austin_san_antonio", "location": "Texas — Austin–San Antonio", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_austin_san_antonio_jll_2025", "priceRef": "texas_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_phoenix", "location": "Arizona — Phoenix", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_phoenix_jll_2025", "priceRef": "arizona_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_chicago", "location": "Illinois — Chicago", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_chicago_jll_2025", "priceRef": "illinois_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "us_northern_indiana", "location": "Indiana — Northern Indiana", "country": "United States", "capacityRef": "us_northern_indiana_jll_2025", "priceRef": "indiana_industrial_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_north_east", "location": "North East", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_north_east_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_north_west", "location": "North West", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_north_west_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_yorkshire_humber", "location": "Yorkshire and the Humber", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_yorkshire_humber_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_east_midlands", "location": "East Midlands", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_east_midlands_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_west_midlands", "location": "West Midlands", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_west_midlands_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_east", "location": "East of England", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_east_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_london", "location": "London", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_london_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_south_east", "location": "South East", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_south_east_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_south_west", "location": "South West", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_south_west_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_wales", "location": "Wales", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_wales_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"}, {"id": "gb_scotland", "location": "Scotland", "country": "United Kingdom", "capacityRef": "gb_scotland_2024", "priceRef": "uk_nondomestic_average_2025"} ] } ], "ledgerBlocks": [ {"id": "guian", "location": "Gui'an powered-on racks", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "guian_powered_on_2025", "priceRef": "guian_target_2025", "status": "excluded-target-and-boundary"}, {"id": "shanxi", "location": "Shanxi", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Shanxi", "priceRef": "shanxi_tariff_2026_04", "status": "excluded-post-cutoff"}, {"id": "shanghai", "location": "Shanghai", "country": "China", "capacityRef": "province:Shanghai", "priceRef": "shanghai_claimed_2025", "status": "excluded-unverified"}, {"id": "saudi", "location": "Saudi Arabia", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "capacityRef": "saudi_operational_2025", "priceRef": "saudi_cloud_tariff", "status": "excluded-date-and-boundary"} ], "chinaCapacityCrosschecks": [ { "id": "jiangsu_direct_2025_03", "province": "Jiangsu", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Jiangsu province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 473000, "observationDate": "2025-03-20", "datePrecision": "day", "capacityBoundary": "In-use standard racks across the province.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_conflict", "sourceIds": ["jiangsu_racks_2025_03"], "note": "This is the closest-date direct provincial observation found. It is materially below the CAICT area-implied March estimate, so the disagreement is exposed rather than resolved by silently choosing one source." }, { "id": "jiangsu_direct_2025_08", "province": "Jiangsu", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Jiangsu province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 670000, "observationDate": "2025-08-31", "datePrecision": "month", "capacityBoundary": "In-use standard racks in computing centres across the province.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_later_date", "sourceIds": ["jiangsu_racks_2025_08"], "note": "A later same-year observation. It is useful for showing growth and for checking plausibility, but it is not a March replacement." }, { "id": "shandong_direct_2025_06", "province": "Shandong", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Shandong province", "valueType": "lower_bound", "observedStandardRacks": 350000, "observationDate": "2025-06-26", "datePrecision": "day", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide in-use standard racks; the source says the total exceeded 350,000.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_lower_bound", "sourceIds": ["shandong_racks_2025_06"], "note": "The direct source supplies a lower bound, not a point estimate. The CAICT area-implied figure clears that bound." }, { "id": "shanxi_direct_2025_06", "province": "Shanxi", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Shanxi province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 514000, "observationDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide in-use computing-centre standard racks.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_later_date", "sourceIds": ["shanxi_racks_2025_06"], "note": "This later direct observation is close to the CAICT area-implied March estimate and is retained as corroboration." }, { "id": "hebei_direct_2025_12", "province": "Hebei", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Hebei province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 2396000, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide in-use standard racks in MIIT's 2025 computing-power monitoring data.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_later_date", "sourceIds": ["hebei_racks_2025_12"], "note": "A direct year-end observation from the national monitoring system. It is not substituted into the March distribution because China-wide rack capacity also grew substantially during 2025." }, { "id": "guangdong_direct_2025_12", "province": "Guangdong", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Guangdong province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 1420000, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide in-use data-centre racks.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_later_date", "sourceIds": ["guangdong_racks_2025_12"], "note": "A direct year-end figure published on a Guangdong government site; the underlying provincial table is not linked." }, { "id": "guangxi_direct_2024_12", "province": "Guangxi", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Guangxi autonomous region", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 164000, "observationDate": "2024-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide design capacity of in-use data centres, expressed as standard racks.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_earlier_date", "sourceIds": ["guangxi_racks_2024_12"], "note": "The boundary closely matches CAICT's definition and the direct value is close to the area-implied March 2025 estimate, but the observation is one quarter earlier." }, { "id": "hubei_direct_2025_06", "province": "Hubei", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Hubei province", "valueType": "lower_bound", "observedStandardRacks": 210000, "observationDate": "2025-06-30", "datePrecision": "month", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide in-use standard racks; Hubei Data Bureau data reported as more than 210,000.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_lower_bound", "sourceIds": ["hubei_racks_2025_06", "hubei_racks_2025_06_official_republication"], "note": "The source supplies a later lower bound rather than an exact count." }, { "id": "zhejiang_direct_2025_12", "province": "Zhejiang", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Zhejiang communications industry", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 579000, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "capacityBoundary": "Standard racks built by the province's information and communications industry.", "comparability": "sector_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_scope_and_date", "sourceIds": ["zhejiang_racks_2025_12"], "note": "The official statistical bulletin is direct and precise, but its industry scope may omit non-telecom facilities and its date is later than the CAICT distribution." }, { "id": "guizhou_direct_2025_12", "province": "Guizhou", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Guizhou province", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 320000, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "five-year-period-end", "capacityBoundary": "Standard racks across key data centres described jointly as under construction and in operation.", "comparability": "boundary_mismatch", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_boundary_and_date", "sourceIds": ["guizhou_racks_2025_12"], "note": "This is a province-wide official result, but it covers key centres and combines construction and operation. It is therefore not the same population as CAICT's in-use design-rack total." }, { "id": "ningxia_direct_2025_10", "province": "Ningxia", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Ningxia autonomous region", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 208900, "observationDate": "2025-10-31", "datePrecision": "publication-date proxy", "capacityBoundary": "Province-wide standard racks; the source does not state whether the count is in-use design capacity, built capacity or installed capacity.", "comparability": "boundary_mismatch", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_boundary_and_date", "sourceIds": ["ningxia_racks_2025_10"], "note": "An official current total that is useful for order-of-magnitude checking, but the missing in-use boundary and later date prevent substitution." }, { "id": "shanghai_direct_2023_09", "province": "Shanghai", "geographicScope": "province", "scopeLabel": "Shanghai municipality", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 423000, "observationDate": "2023-09-30", "datePrecision": "month", "capacityBoundary": "Municipality-wide in-use data-centre standard racks, attributed to the Shanghai Communications Administration.", "comparability": "same_metric", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_earlier_date", "sourceIds": ["shanghai_racks_2023_09"], "note": "The boundary matches closely, but the observation precedes CAICT by 18 months and cannot measure the March 2025 stock directly." }, { "id": "shanghai_pudong_direct_2025_11", "province": "Shanghai", "geographicScope": "subprovince", "scopeLabel": "Pudong New Area", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 280000, "observationDate": "2025-11-25", "datePrecision": "day", "capacityBoundary": "Standard-rack scale across 59 data centres in Pudong.", "comparability": "subregional_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_subset", "sourceIds": ["shanghai_pudong_racks_2025_11"], "note": "A direct lower-level subtotal. It cannot replace or be added to the Shanghai provincial total." }, { "id": "helingeer_direct_2025_07", "province": "Inner Mongolia", "geographicScope": "subprovince", "scopeLabel": "Hohhot / Helinger cluster", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 339000, "observationDate": "2025-07-12", "datePrecision": "day", "capacityBoundary": "Data-centre standard racks reported for the cluster; commissioned-versus-built wording is not explicit.", "comparability": "subregional_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_subset", "sourceIds": ["helingeer_racks_2025_07"], "note": "A major Inner Mongolia cluster subtotal. It is useful for triangulation but cannot replace the autonomous-region total." }, { "id": "wulanchabu_direct_2025_01", "province": "Inner Mongolia", "geographicScope": "subprovince", "scopeLabel": "Wulanchabu", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 240000, "observationDate": "2025-01-16", "datePrecision": "day", "capacityBoundary": "Built racks; the same source separately reports 170,000 actually used racks.", "comparability": "subregional_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_subset", "sourceIds": ["wulanchabu_racks_2025_01"], "note": "A second Inner Mongolia cluster subtotal. The difference between built and actually used racks is retained in the boundary note." }, { "id": "wulanchabu_direct_2025_12", "province": "Inner Mongolia", "geographicScope": "subprovince", "scopeLabel": "Wulanchabu", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 330000, "observationDate": "2025-12-31", "datePrecision": "year-end", "capacityBoundary": "Operational standard racks; the source separately reports 500,000 built racks and a 66% rack-up rate.", "comparability": "subregional_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_subset", "sourceIds": ["wulanchabu_racks_2025_12"], "note": "A year-end operating subtotal for one Inner Mongolia cluster. Together with Hohhot / Helinger it supports the scale of the autonomous-region estimate, but dates and possible boundary differences still prevent substitution." }, { "id": "guian_direct_2025_02", "province": "Guizhou", "geographicScope": "subprovince", "scopeLabel": "Gui'an New Area", "valueType": "point", "observedStandardRacks": 137400, "observationDate": "2025-02-28", "datePrecision": "month", "capacityBoundary": "Powered-on standard racks, not commissioned design racks.", "comparability": "boundary_mismatch_subset", "replacementStatus": "not_substituted_subset", "sourceIds": ["guian_capacity_2025"], "note": "A directly observed major-cluster subtotal already in the exclusion ledger; it remains useful as a lower-bound cross-check." } ], "sources": [ { "id": "caict_treemap_2025", "publisher": "China Academy of Information and Communications Technology", "title": "Comprehensive Computing Power Index Blue Book (2025)", "url": "https://13115299.s21i.faiusr.com/61/1/ABUIABA9GAAg4pOYywYogpflxgc.pdf", "tier": "primary", "publicationDate": "2026-01", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Provincial distribution and top-ten order of in-use standard racks; the report says the top six each exceed 600,000 racks but does not publish the 31 numeric values.", "locator": "PDF page 22 / report page 16, Figure 6 and surrounding text; Appendix 1 states unspecified data are through 2025-03-31 and lists the China Computing Power Platform, MIIT, CAICT, local policy documents, literature and public data; Appendix 3 defines in-use racks.", "verificationStatus": "verified_derived", "verificationMethod": "Downloaded and rendered the source PDF, recorded its SHA-256, and reconciled all 31 rectangles. The project assumes treemap area is proportional to rack count; this reproduces an estimate, not CAICT's unpublished row-level inputs.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "china_computing_platform_2025", "publisher": "China Computing Power Platform / China Academy of Information and Communications Technology", "title": "What you need to know about the China Computing Power Platform", "url": "https://www.digitalchina.gov.cn/2025/xwzx/qwfb/202509/t20250904_5073458.htm", "tier": "primary-platform-description", "publicationDate": "2025-09-04", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "The platform had connected ten provincial platforms by July 2025 and supports resource registration, analysis and monitoring; it had accumulated billions of monitoring records.", "locator": "Sections describing provincial-platform access, Shanxi's resource-registration functions and the July 2025 operating statistics.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the official platform description and searched the public platform and report materials for a downloadable 31-province rack table; none was linked in the reviewed materials.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "miit_monitoring_network_2026", "publisher": "Ministry of Industry and Information Technology", "title": "MIIT launches nationwide automated computing-resource monitoring", "url": "https://www.miit.gov.cn/xwfb/gxdt/sjdt/art/2026/art_d9a97da3826d4072beed83c66c19f81f.html", "tier": "primary-regulator", "publicationDate": "2026-01-21", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "MIIT set an end-2026 target for automated monitoring of computing-resource data across all 31 provincial-level regions and major computing enterprises.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '《通知》提出，到2026年底'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the target date, 31-region scope and monitoring description on MIIT's official page. This supports the conclusion that a complete public automated-monitoring census was not yet established in early 2026; it does not prove that no internal provincial table exists.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "jiangsu_racks_2025_03", "publisher": "Jiangsu Provincial People's Government", "title": "Jiangsu cultivates the national digital-economy experimental field", "url": "https://www.js.gov.cn/art/2025/3/20/art_91704_11521202.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-03-20", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Jiangsu had 473,000 in-use standard racks as of the publication date.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '算力是数字经济的底座', sentence beginning '截至目前'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the figure, province-wide wording and date on the provincial government page; the same paragraph reports 37.9 EFLOPS and a 60% intelligent-compute share.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "jiangsu_racks_2025_08", "publisher": "Jiangsu Communications Administration", "title": "Jiangsu builds a tiered, diversified, network-integrated and green computing infrastructure", "url": "https://jsca.miit.gov.cn/xwdt/gzdt/art/2025/art_86a6ff1669a749b7acf3e6498ade8c15.html", "tier": "official-regulator", "publicationDate": "2025-10-27", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Jiangsu had 670,000 in-use computing-centre standard racks at the end of August 2025.", "locator": "Opening paragraph, sentence beginning '截至8月底'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the rack count, observation month and in-use boundary on the provincial communications regulator's page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shandong_racks_2025_06", "publisher": "Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology", "title": "Reply on using digital technology to support enterprise transformation", "url": "https://gxt.shandong.gov.cn/art/2025/6/26/art_123005_38703.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-06-26", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Shandong's total in-use standard racks exceeded 350,000.", "locator": "Section '四是推进数字基础设施建设', sentence beginning '算力产业发展势头迅猛'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the lower-bound wording and province-wide in-use-rack boundary on the department's official page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shanxi_racks_2025_06", "publisher": "Xinhua, republished by Jincheng Municipal Government", "title": "Computing Power China Tour decodes Shanxi's industrial transformation", "url": "https://www.jcgov.gov.cn/dtxx/gnyw/202508/t20250826_2190958.shtml", "tier": "primary-reported-official", "publicationDate": "2025-08-26", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Shanxi had 514,000 in-use computing-centre standard racks at the end of June 2025.", "locator": "Paragraph quoting Shanxi Department of Industry and Information Technology deputy director Liu Yong.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the figure, observation month and province-wide boundary in the attributed official statement.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hebei_racks_2025_12", "publisher": "Hebei Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology", "title": "Hebei's top-ranked computing index reflects new development momentum", "url": "https://gxt.hebei.gov.cn/hbgyhxxht/xwzx32/snxw40/2026030909350910674/index.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-03-09", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "MIIT's 2025 monitoring data put Hebei at 2.396 million in-use standard racks at year-end 2025.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '据工信部近日发布的2025年算力统筹监测数据显示'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the reported MIIT dataset attribution, year-end observation date, rack figure and in-use boundary on the department's page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guangdong_racks_2025_12", "publisher": "Guangdong Provincial People's Government Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, republishing Nanfang Daily", "title": "How Guangdong can seize the token-economy opportunity", "url": "https://www.qb.gd.gov.cn/jrqx/content/post_1326148.html", "tier": "official-government-republication", "publicationDate": "2026-05-07", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Guangdong had 1.42 million in-use data-centre racks at year-end 2025, ranking second nationally.", "locator": "Province computing-capacity paragraph following the discussion of the Shaoguan cluster.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the value, in-use wording and year-end context on the government-hosted article; no underlying provincial table is linked.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guangxi_racks_2024_12", "publisher": "Guangxi Communications Administration", "title": "2025 Guangxi Computing Power Alliance member conference", "url": "https://gxca.miit.gov.cn/xwdt/gzdt/art/2025/art_ca101c47ce624793868f3a9256998089.html", "tier": "official-regulator", "publicationDate": "2025-05-13", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Guangxi's in-use data centres had design capacity of 164,000 standard racks at year-end 2024.", "locator": "Second paragraph, sentence beginning '截至2024年底'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the value, year-end date and explicit in-use design-capacity boundary on the provincial communications regulator's page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hubei_racks_2025_06", "publisher": "Hubei Daily, citing Hubei Provincial Data Bureau", "title": "From the Internet of Everything to the Intelligence of Everything", "url": "https://epaper.hubeidaily.net/pc/attachment/202507/23/b16aa3fd-a816-44c6-a647-6a83a211b04f.pdf", "tier": "primary-reported-official", "publicationDate": "2025-07-23", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Hubei had 243 in-use data centres and more than 210,000 in-use standard racks at the end of June 2025.", "locator": "Newspaper page 2, paragraph beginning '据湖北省数据局统计'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the lower-bound rack figure, observation month and attribution to the provincial Data Bureau in the newspaper PDF.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hubei_racks_2025_06_official_republication", "publisher": "Wuhan Science and Technology Innovation Bureau, republishing Hubei Daily", "title": "Hubei moves from the Internet of Everything to the Intelligence of Everything", "url": "https://kjj.wuhan.gov.cn/xwzx_8/kjspxw/202507/t20250723_2623861.html", "tier": "official-government-republication", "publicationDate": "2025-07-23", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Hubei Provincial Data Bureau statistics put the province at 243 in-use data centres and more than 210,000 in-use standard racks at the end of June 2025.", "locator": "Section headed '全省总算力规模同比增长173%', paragraph beginning '据湖北省数据局统计'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the lower-bound count, in-use wording, observation month and Hubei Data Bureau attribution on the municipal government bureau's republication.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "zhejiang_racks_2025_12", "publisher": "Zhejiang Communications Administration", "title": "2025 Zhejiang communications-industry statistical bulletin", "url": "https://zjca.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/xysjtj/art/2026/art_40707d7bde224d0bafe17cb5bbac9980.html", "tier": "official-regulator", "publicationDate": "2026-02-09", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Zhejiang's information and communications industry had built 579,000 standard racks during 2025.", "locator": "Section 4(c), '数据中心建设协调推进'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the year, exact value and communications-industry boundary in the official statistical bulletin.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guizhou_racks_2025_12", "publisher": "Guizhou Provincial Development and Reform Commission", "title": "Guizhou's comprehensive computing-power level remained among the national leaders during the 14th Five-Year Plan", "url": "https://drc.guizhou.gov.cn/xwzx/zwyw/202603/t20260320_89890350.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-03-20", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "During the 14th Five-Year Plan, Guizhou's key data centres under construction and in operation rose to 50 and their standard racks rose from 80,000 to 320,000.", "locator": "Opening section under '算力规模加快壮大'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the official report of the provincial government press conference, the 320,000 value and the combined under-construction/in-operation key-centre boundary.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "ningxia_racks_2025_10", "publisher": "Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Development and Reform Commission", "title": "Ningxia's modern industrial system achieved notable results during the 14th Five-Year Plan", "url": "https://fzggw.nx.gov.cn/ztzl/sww/202510/t20251031_5070621.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-10-31", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Ningxia's standard-rack stock had reached 208,900 during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.", "locator": "Digital-information paragraph beginning '数字信息逐步成势'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the exact figure and province-wide context on the commission's page. The page does not state whether the count is in-use, built or installed, so the boundary is retained as unresolved.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shanghai_racks_2023_09", "publisher": "Beijing Municipal Government Data Portal, citing Shanghai Communications Administration", "title": "Shanghai strengthens its computing infrastructure to enable industries", "url": "https://data.beijing.gov.cn/publish/bjdata/xydt/qtss/2942db54cb4444cba9801068082aa2bc.htm", "tier": "official-government-republication", "publicationDate": "2024-02-19", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Shanghai had 423,000 in-use data-centre standard racks at the end of September 2023, according to the Shanghai Communications Administration.", "locator": "Section headed '算赋百业生态初具规模'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the exact value, in-use boundary, date and regulator attribution on the government-hosted republication; the original regulator release was not located.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shanghai_pudong_racks_2025_11", "publisher": "Shanghai Municipal People's Government", "title": "Pudong becomes a leader in high-quality data-industry development", "url": "https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw15343/20251125/fd22ee263f8d4ba296fd5ec989bd47a8.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-11-25", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Pudong had 59 data centres and 280,000 standard racks by November 2025.", "locator": "Section '数字底座坚实筑基智慧政务提升治理效能', cloud-network and computing paragraph.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the subregional scope, data-centre count and standard-rack figure on the municipal government page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "helingeer_racks_2025_07", "publisher": "Xinhua Inner Mongolia", "title": "2025 Green Computing and Artificial Intelligence Conference", "url": "https://nmg.news.cn/20250712/8bdd43f119184da0be15ac00aa9fe5c6/c.html", "tier": "primary-reported-official", "publicationDate": "2025-07-12", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "The Hohhot/Helinger cluster reported 339,000 data-centre standard racks and 7,683 PFLOPS of total computing capacity.", "locator": "Conference report paragraph describing the cluster's evaluation indicators.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the rack figure and cluster context in the Xinhua report; the commissioned-versus-built boundary is not explicit and is preserved as a caveat.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "wulanchabu_racks_2025_01", "publisher": "Wulanchabu Daily, republished by Inner Mongolia News", "title": "Wulanchabu builds a flexible green-computing dispatch platform", "url": "https://inews.nmgnews.com.cn/system/2025/01/16/030087913.shtml", "tier": "primary-reported-official", "publicationDate": "2025-01-16", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Wulanchabu had built 240,000 racks and actually used 170,000 racks by January 2025.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '乌兰察布市经过10多年的发展'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the built and actually used rack counts and preserved the distinction between them in the cross-check boundary.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "wulanchabu_racks_2025_12", "publisher": "Guangming Daily, republished by Inner Mongolia News", "title": "Green electricity empowers computing as data weaves a cloud valley in Wulanchabu", "url": "https://inews.nmgnews.com.cn/system/2026/01/26/030300987.shtml", "tier": "primary-reported-official", "publicationDate": "2026-01-26", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "At year-end 2025 Wulanchabu had 500,000 built standard racks, 330,000 operational racks and a 66% rack-up rate.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '截至2025年底'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Checked the built, operational and utilization figures in the Guangming Daily report and retained the operational 330,000 as the cross-check value.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-03", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "scio_racks_2025_03", "publisher": "State Council Information Office of China", "title": "Briefing on development of industry and information technology in the first half of 2025", "url": "https://english.scio.gov.cn/pressroom/node_9016674.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-07-18", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "10.43 million standard computing-power racks were in use at 2025-03-31.", "locator": "Briefing answer by Xie Cun, paragraph beginning 'Network capabilities have been enhanced.'", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact figure and observation date checked against the official briefing text.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "nda_standard_rack", "publisher": "National Data Administration", "title": "National integrated computing network: computing-center monitoring indicators", "url": "https://www.nda.gov.cn/sjj/ywpd/szkjyjcss/0608/ff808081-96b465bf-0197-4f0dae39-0700.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-06", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Standard racks normalize rack power at 2.5 kW.", "locator": "Section 6.2.3, Table 3: rack total formula = rack power / 2.5 kW × rack count.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Formula checked in the official technical document.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "jll_na_active_capacity_2025", "publisher": "JLL", "title": "North America Data Center Report — Year-End 2025", "url": "https://www.jll.com/en-us/newsroom/jll-north-america-data-center-report-year-end-2025", "tier": "primary-research", "publicationDate": "2026-02-17", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "JLL tracked 39 GW of active North American data-center capacity at year-end 2025, roughly half leased and half hyperscaler-owned.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning 'The report marks a significant evolution'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "The active-versus-under-construction boundary, 39 GW total and leased/hyperscaler scope were checked on JLL's official release.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "dominion_jll_markets_2025", "publisher": "Dominion Energy, citing JLL", "title": "Fourth-Quarter 2025 Earnings Call Slides", "url": "https://s2.q4cdn.com/510812146/files/doc_financials/2025/q4/2026-02-23-DE-IR-4Q-2025-earnings-call-slides-vTCI.pdf", "tier": "primary-corporate-reproduction", "publicationDate": "2026-02-23", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "JLL year-end 2025 capacities for ten US markets: Virginia 8,315 MW; Pacific Northwest 4,120; Columbus 3,541; Dallas–Fort Worth 2,423; Atlanta 2,070; Austin–San Antonio 1,700; Phoenix 1,653; Omaha 1,378; Chicago 1,223; Northern Indiana 1,162.", "locator": "Slide 49, 'Top North American markets (MW capacity)'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All ten labels and values were checked in Dominion's published table, which explicitly attributes the data to JLL's Year-End 2025 North America Data Center Report.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "cbre_inventory_h2_2025", "publisher": "CBRE", "title": "Northern Virginia Extends Lead as Largest U.S. Data Center Market in 2025", "url": "https://www.cbre.com/press-releases/northern-virginia-extends-lead-as-largest-u-s-data-center-market-in-2025", "tier": "primary", "publicationDate": "2026-03-18", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "H2 2025 inventory: Northern Virginia 4,039.6 MW, Dallas–Fort Worth 1,067.3 MW, Montreal 229.5 MW.", "locator": "Top 10 Largest North American Data Center Markets by Inventory table.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All three values checked in CBRE's published table.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "cbre_capacity_glossary", "publisher": "CBRE Research", "title": "U.S. Data Center Trends Report H2 2017 — market definitions", "url": "https://trerc.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/files/PDFs/MktResearch/US_DataCenterTrends_CBRE_Semiannual.pdf", "tier": "primary-mirror", "publicationDate": "2018-01", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Wholesale capacity is existing/commissioned power; wholesale colocation provides infrastructure to the PDU.", "locator": "PDF page 17, Market Definitions.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "CBRE glossary language checked in a university-hosted copy of the report.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hohhot_capacity_2023", "publisher": "Guojin Securities, citing Tsinghua IGI", "title": "How much green-power demand comes from data centers, and how can supply match it?", "url": "https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202503031643671670_1.pdf", "tier": "secondary", "publicationDate": "2025-03-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Hohhot/Helinger subset: 11 centers, 16,091 standard racks per center, 60.9% utilization, 107,793 in-use racks, PUE 1.21 and 326 MW campus power.", "locator": "PDF report page 10, Figure 18.", "verificationStatus": "verified_derived", "verificationMethod": "Downloaded PDF and checked every input. Recomputed 442.5 MW design IT capacity and separately reconciled the reported 326 MW occupied facility load.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hohhot_price_2025", "publisher": "National Energy Administration", "title": "Hohhot builds a world computing valley", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20250718/410e42d872e4417687cb5b0ab357d088/c.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-07-18", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Delivered transaction price for data-center green power was stable at about CNY 0.35/kWh.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning '目前，和林格尔新区已落地'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact price and boundary checked in the official article.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "mongxi_tariff_2025_06", "publisher": "Inner Mongolia Power Group / Xilingol League Administration", "title": "June 2025 proxy-purchase price announcement", "url": "https://www.xlgl.gov.cn/xlgl/zw/zwgk/tzgg/2025090509233740836/index.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-05-30", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.442525/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 31.2/kW-month.", "locator": "Attached tariff table, 110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Official announcement checked; exact table values cross-checked against a machine-readable transcription.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "zhejiang_tariff_2025_06", "publisher": "State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power", "title": "June 2025 proxy-purchase industrial and commercial tariff", "url": "https://zjjcmspublic.oss-cn-hangzhou-zwynet-d01-a.internet.cloud.zj.gov.cn/jcms_files/jcms1/web2241/site/attach/0/d94d1693bc7042f0a4349368bbb18419.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-05", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.5672/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 41.6/kW-month.", "locator": "Tariff table, industrial/commercial 110 kV row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values and effective period checked in the source PDF.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guizhou_tariff_2025_06", "publisher": "Guizhou Power Grid / Liupanshui municipal government", "title": "June 2025 proxy-purchase tariff", "url": "https://www.lp.gov.cn/xwdt/gsgg/202505/P020250805466901120249.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-05", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.583744/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 31/kW-month.", "locator": "Tariff table, 110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values and effective period checked in the government-hosted PDF.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "jibei_tariff_2025_04", "publisher": "State Grid Jibei Electric Power", "title": "April 2025 proxy-purchase tariff", "url": "https://ele.aiit.org.cn/static/elefile/99303281758074622710101893155890.pdf", "tier": "official-copy", "publicationDate": "2025-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.58196875/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 34.6/kW-month.", "locator": "Appendix 4, 110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values and effective period checked in the published table.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "jiangsu_tariff_2025_06", "publisher": "State Grid Jiangsu / Jintan District Government", "title": "June 2025 proxy-purchase industrial and commercial tariff", "url": "https://www.jintan.gov.cn/html/czjt/2025/JFKEQAOD_0624/281022.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-06-24", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.5999/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 44.8/kW-month.", "locator": "Appendix 2, lines/table row for 110 kV two-part users.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values, formula components and effective period checked in the government page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "beijing_tariff_2025_04", "publisher": "State Grid Beijing Electric Power", "title": "April 2025 proxy-purchase tariff", "url": "https://ele.aiit.org.cn/static/elefile/99303281924019507384201247156397.pdf", "tier": "official-copy", "publicationDate": "2025-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "35–110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.61971175/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 48/kW-month.", "locator": "Tariff table, 35–110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values and effective period checked in the published table.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guangdong_tariff_2025_04", "publisher": "Guangdong Power Grid / Shaoguan municipal government", "title": "April 2025 proxy-purchase industrial and commercial tariff", "url": "https://www.gdsx.gov.cn/sgsxgdj/attachment/0/272/272080/2734391.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Pearl River Delta 35–110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.66996875/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 31/kW-month.", "locator": "Pearl River Delta five-city table, 35–110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact tariff row and effective month checked in the official PDF; earlier unsupported regional capacity weighting removed.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shandong_tariff_2025_03", "publisher": "State Grid Shandong / Yantai municipal government", "title": "March 2025 proxy-purchase industrial and commercial tariff", "url": "https://www.yantai.gov.cn/art/2025/3/20/art_70253_3244147.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-03-20", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "35–110 kV two-part energy price CNY 0.67486875/kWh and maximum-demand charge CNY 35.2/kW-month.", "locator": "Tariff table, 35–110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact values and effective period checked in the government page.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hydroquebec_rate_lg_2025", "publisher": "Hydro-Québec", "title": "Electricity Rates Effective April 1, 2025", "url": "https://www.hydroquebec.com/data/documents-donnees/pdf/electricity-rates.pdf?v=HT-2025-v3", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-04-01", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Rate LG: CAD 15.963/kW-month plus CAD 0.04165/kWh; high-voltage credit CAD 3.0063/kW-month at 80–170 kV.", "locator": "Articles 5.14–5.15 and high-voltage credit table in Chapter 12.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Rate applicability and each price component checked in Hydro-Québec's rate book.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "hydroquebec_datacenter_classes_2026", "publisher": "Régie de l'énergie du Québec", "title": "R-4333-2026 data-center tariff-class annex", "url": "https://www.regie-energie.qc.ca/fr/participants/dossiers/R-4333-2026/doc/R-4333-2026-C-Coalition-0009-DemInterv-Annexe-2026_04_15.pdf", "tier": "official-filing", "publicationDate": "2026-04-15", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Named data-center operators were on Rates M and LG, with large operators on LG.", "locator": "One-page member table listing current tariffs for Cologix, Compass, Equinix, eStruxture, QScale and Vantage.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Data-center tariff classes checked in the regulator filing.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "eia_industrial_prices_2025", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "title": "Electric Power Monthly, February 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/february2026.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-02", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Calendar-2025 industrial averages used in the US curves: Texas 6.55, Virginia 9.45, Ohio 8.52, Georgia 7.81, Arizona 8.10, Illinois 10.14 and Indiana 8.89 cents/kWh.", "locator": "Table 5.6.B, year-to-date through December 2025.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All seven state values and the calendar-2025 boundary were checked in EIA's annual retail-sales API and reconciled to Electric Power Monthly Table 5.6.B.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "federal_reserve_fx_2025", "publisher": "Federal Reserve Board", "title": "Foreign Exchange Rates — G.5A Annual, January 5, 2026", "url": "https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-01-05", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "2025 annual averages: CNY 7.1875/USD, CAD 1.3973/USD and USD 1.3192/GBP (inverted in the model to GBP 0.758035/USD).", "locator": "Annual exchange-rate table, Canada, China and United Kingdom rows, 2025 column.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All annual-average rates and the asterisked USD-per-GBP convention were checked in the Federal Reserve release; the GBP inverse is explicit in the model.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "nvidia_gb200_spec", "publisher": "NVIDIA", "title": "GB200 NVL72 specifications", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb200-nvl72/", "tier": "vendor-primary", "publicationDate": null, "publicationDatePrecision": "unknown", "claim": "360 sparse FP16/BF16 PFLOP/s; dense performance is one half, or 180 PFLOP/s.", "locator": "GB200 NVL72 Specs table and footnote 2.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Specification and dense/sparse footnote checked on the vendor page during the research window.", "verifiedOn": "2026-08-24", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "nvidia_gb200_power", "publisher": "NVIDIA", "title": "Mission Control power reservation steering FAQ", "url": "https://docs.nvidia.com/mission-control/docs/systems-administration-guide/2.1.0/prs/faq.html", "tier": "vendor-primary", "publicationDate": "2026-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "GB200 NVL72 full-load rack power is approximately 120 kW including nodes and rack components.", "locator": "Example 1: Configuring a PD for a GB200 NVL72 rack.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Power boundary and value checked in NVIDIA documentation.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "huawei_cloudmatrix_performance", "publisher": "Huawei", "title": "Groundbreaking SuperPoD Interconnect", "url": "https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2025/9/hc-xu-keynote-speech", "tier": "vendor-primary", "publicationDate": "2025-09", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Atlas 900 A3 / CloudMatrix384 connects 384 Ascend 910C chips and delivers up to 300 PFLOP/s.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning 'In March 2025, Huawei officially launched'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Chip count and performance claim checked on Huawei's page; precision boundary is supplemented by SemiAnalysis.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "semianalysis_cloudmatrix_power", "publisher": "SemiAnalysis", "title": "Huawei AI CloudMatrix 384 — China's Answer to Nvidia GB200 NVL72", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/huawei-ai-cloudmatrix-384-chinas-answer-to-nvidia-gb200-nvl72", "tier": "third-party-engineering-model", "publicationDate": "2025-04-16", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "CloudMatrix384 uses 4.1× GB200 NVL72 system power and 2.5× more power per dense-BF16 FLOP.", "locator": "Paragraph beginning 'The drawback here', before the paywall.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact current figures checked on the source page. They remain modeled estimates, not metered measurements.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "bis_china_policy_2026", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "title": "Department of Commerce revises license review policy for semiconductors exported to China", "url": "https://media.bis.gov/press-release/department-commerce-revises-license-review-policy-semiconductors-exported-china", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-01", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "H200-class exports to approved China customers receive case-by-case review; this does not make GB200 generally available.", "locator": "Policy summary and stated performance thresholds.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Scenario boundary checked against the BIS policy release; it is not treated as an installed-fleet fact.", "verifiedOn": "2026-08-24", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guian_capacity_2025", "publisher": "Guiyang municipal government", "title": "Gui'an data-center response", "url": "https://www.guiyang.gov.cn/zwgk/zwgkzdlyxxgkjyta/zwgkzdlyxxgkjytazxtawfws/zwgkzdlyxxgkjytazxtawfwsqs/202506/t20250603_87956837.html", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-06-03", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "137,400 powered-on standard racks as of February 2025.", "locator": "Capacity paragraph in the official response.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Exact value checked, then excluded because powered-on racks do not match commissioned design capacity.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "guian_price_target_2025", "publisher": "Guizhou Provincial Energy Administration", "title": "2025 budget and policy targets", "url": "https://nyj.guizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgkml/zdlyxx/czzj/202503/P020250307503578350701.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-03-07", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "CNY 0.35/kWh was a policy target for data centers.", "locator": "Budget target table/text.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Target wording checked and excluded from observed-price scenarios.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shanxi_tariff_2026_04", "publisher": "Energy Data Center", "title": "April 2026 Shanxi tariff transcription", "url": "https://energydc.cn/policy/sx/2026-04/cbe2e026-2c0e-11f1-9e60-f679c2336431", "tier": "secondary-transcription", "publicationDate": "2026-04", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Post-cutoff 110 kV tariff inputs.", "locator": "110 kV two-part row.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Date and values checked; excluded because the effective date is after 2025-12-31.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "shanghai_source_mismatch", "publisher": "Shanghai municipal government", "title": "Linked document for claimed June 2025 tariff", "url": "https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/8d/8dbc9d8c392e43b791295f493f1d247e/5b1658885ab19ab927050e05dfbb83f9.pdf", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025", "publicationDatePrecision": "year", "claim": "The document was claimed to support a CNY 0.7484/kWh tariff proxy.", "locator": "No supporting row found.", "verificationStatus": "not_verified", "verificationMethod": "Source checked and found not to establish the claimed input; record excluded.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "knight_frank_global_capacity_2025", "publisher": "Knight Frank", "title": "Artificial intelligence: The trillion dollar question", "url": "https://www.knightfrank.co.uk/research/article/2026/4/artificial-intelligence-trillion-dollar-question", "tier": "primary-research", "publicationDate": "2026-04-08", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Global data-centre capacity was 62 GW in 2025.", "locator": "Demand shock section, first paragraph.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "The 2025 global headline was checked on the publisher's page. It is retained as an indicative denominator because no same-boundary country table is published there.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "knight_frank_global_forecast_2025", "publisher": "Knight Frank / DC Byte", "title": "Data Centres Global Forecast Report 2025", "url": "https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2960/documents/en/data-centres-global-forecast-report-2025-11877.pdf", "tier": "primary-research", "publicationDate": "2025", "publicationDatePrecision": "year", "claim": "2025 forecast live-IT capacities for 38 named global markets and a 55,646 MW global total, including colocation, self-build and build-to-suit capacity.", "locator": "PDF pages 46–47, Global Forecasts map and note.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "Every 2025 market label and the regional/global summary were transcribed from the report. Forecast values rank research gaps but are not used as observed chart widths.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "dcbyte_canada_live_2025", "publisher": "Data Center Dynamics, reporting DC Byte", "title": "Canadian data center market to see exponential growth, pipeline almost 9GW", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/canadian-data-center-market-to-see-exponential-growth-pipeline-almost-9gw-dc-byte/", "tier": "secondary-research", "publicationDate": "2025-09-25", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Canada had 1.4 GW of live IT capacity in Q2 2025 and 93% of IT load was clustered around Toronto, Montreal and Alberta.", "locator": "Paragraphs beginning 'As of Q2 2025' and 'Of this 9GW'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "The live-versus-pipeline distinction, observation quarter and country total were checked in the article quoting DC Byte.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "uk_dsit_regional_capacity_2024", "publisher": "UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology", "title": "Estimate of Data Centre Capacity: Great Britain 2024", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/estimate-of-data-centre-capacity-great-britain-2024/estimate-of-data-centre-capacity-great-britain-2024", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025-05-01", "publicationDatePrecision": "day", "claim": "Maximum rated IT load of colocation data centres by 11 Great Britain ITL1 regions, estimated in autumn 2024 and totaling 1.566 GW from the published rows.", "locator": "Methodology and PQ answer table, lines 80–106.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All 11 regional values, the IT-power boundary and exclusions were checked against the official table; rows sum to 1,566 MW.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "knight_frank_india_capacity_2025", "publisher": "Knight Frank India", "title": "India Data Centre Market Update 2025", "url": "https://content.knightfrank.com/research/3111/documents/en/india-data-centre-market-update-2025-12895.pdf", "tier": "primary-research", "publicationDate": "2026-06", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "End-2025 live built IT capacity available to lease across seven primary markets: NCR, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata.", "locator": "PDF page 6, 'Live Data Centre Capacity (in MW) Across Key Cities'.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "All seven city values and the live-capacity definition were checked in the report; the values sum to 1,621.9 MW.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "uk_desnz_nondomestic_price_2025", "publisher": "UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero", "title": "DESNZ annual report 2025 to 2026: Performance report", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/desnz-annual-report-and-accounts-2025-to-2026/performance-report", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2026-08", "publicationDatePrecision": "month", "claim": "Provisional 2025 average electricity price for UK non-domestic users across all size bands was 24.3 pence/kWh including the Climate Change Levy.", "locator": "Average electricity and gas prices table, lines 551–561.", "verificationStatus": "verified", "verificationMethod": "The 2025 value, provisional status, all-size-band boundary and tax treatment were checked in the official table.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "saudi_capacity_2025", "publisher": "Saudi Press Agency", "title": "Saudi operational data-center capacity", "url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/ar/w2575816", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": "2025", "publicationDatePrecision": "year", "claim": "440 MW operational data-center capacity in 2025.", "locator": "Capacity statement in the article.", "verificationStatus": "partial", "verificationMethod": "Value checked; IT-versus-facility power boundary is not established, so it is excluded.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" }, { "id": "saudi_tariff", "publisher": "Saudi Electricity Regulatory Authority", "title": "Cloud-computing electricity tariff", "url": "https://sera.gov.sa/en/consumer/electric-tariff/electric-tariff-categories/consumption-tariff", "tier": "official", "publicationDate": null, "publicationDatePrecision": "unknown", "claim": "Regulated cloud-computing tariff equivalent to USD 0.048/kWh.", "locator": "Cloud-computing tariff category.", "verificationStatus": "partial", "verificationMethod": "Value checked; no effective date was stated, so it is excluded.", "verifiedOn": "2026-09-02", "independentHumanReview": "pending" } ] }